UK scientists in South Atlantic mission to discover mysteries of the deep sea

Expedition part of plan to protect at least 30 per cent of the world’s ocean by 2030

Various specimen collected during the expedition is being preserved at the Natural History Museum in London. PA

Scientists from the Natural History Museum are working to uncover and document the mysteries of the deep sea.

The researchers joined a six-week voyage to understand more about the fragile and rarely studied environments in the remote waters of the South Atlantic.

As part of the project, the team sampled and mapped the sea floor, tested water quality, measured temperature and plastic particles, and identified the species living in the sea.

The researchers suspect a couple of the samples they retrieved from the water around the islands of St Helena and Ascension may be examples of species not previously known to science, but further analysis is continuing.

“All of it makes me really excited," James Maclaine, NHM’s senior curator of fish, who was on the expedition, said.

“It’s just amazing to see something that you’ve maybe just known from some old thing in a jar to see one absolutely fresh out of the ocean and sometimes their light organs are still glowing and sometimes they’re even alive in some cases.

“And when they’re fresh you see all kinds of features that you don’t see once they’re preserved.

“But I think my favourite group of deep sea fishes are the angler fish, and it’s brilliant to see them," he said.

“We got lots of juvenile ones and we got a few that were very rare and had hardly ever been seen before as well.”

One of the specimens collected during the expedition was that of a Sloane’s Viperfish.

The animal is believed to have the biggest tooth to head ratio of any animal.

The fish, which does not grow longer than about 10 inches, has sharp fang-like teeth that are about half the size of its head.

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In October, the RRS Discovery set sail from Southampton on a 9,000-mile expedition to the South Atlantic to survey some of the remotest marine environments on the planet.

The researchers also collected a number of other creatures from a depth of 1,000 metres, with other sampling work carried out between 400-700 metres.

The expedition was part of the UK government’s Blue Belt Programme, which works closely with UK Overseas Territories to assist them in managing and maintaining healthy and productive marine environments.

Museum scientists Chris Fletcher, research assistant (Marine Invertebrates), and Jon Ablett, Senior Curator in Charge of Mollusca, were also on the expedition.

Other marine life that was collected including specimens of cephalopods, flying fish and shrimp.

The team aboard the ship worked 24 hours a day throughout most of the sampling periods.

During the day, teams would analyse the seabed, including sampling the sea floor thousands of metres below the surface, and during the night would drop a net into the water and gently trawl to collect the samples.

Explaining some of the aims of the mission, Mr Fletcher said his role was to help identify all the crustaceans found and help curate all the specimens while on board.

He also helped take tissue samples while the species were fresh, so they could be used for DNA bar coding and whole-genome sequencing.

“So whole-genome sequencing it’s where we figure out the entire genetic code of organisms," Mr Fletcher said.

“This is really important so we firstly we can find out how these genes relate to different biological functions and physical structures of each organism.

“We can also do big evolutionary studies and population studies, which are very important.”

The information collected from the samples will be available to researchers across the world who will be able to use the database to inform their studies.

The NHM researchers were also able to analyse the kinds of things the fish they collected had been eating, shedding light on the food chain and diets of such creatures.

The voyage was also organised by Cefas, the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, to help understand how to better protect marine ecosystems.

“The RRS Discovery’s expedition to the remote islands of Ascension Island and St Helena was a fantastic venture for gathering knowledge – from an increased understanding of lesser-known species, to discovering previously unknown landscapes under the sea and evidence of thriving marine ecosystems," international marine minister Lord Benyon said.

“The UK’s Blue Belt Programme was set up to help our Overseas Territories protect and enhance ocean health and halt biodiversity loss, and by funding pioneering discoveries such as these, we will help propel the UK forward on its mission to protect at least 30% of the world’s ocean by 2030.”