Amazon rainforest emitted 20% more CO2 than it absorbed over last decade

New study suggests Brazil's Amazon can no longer absorb man-made carbon emissions

Smoke billows from a fire in an area of the Amazon rainforest near Porto Velho, Rondonia State in Brazil. Reuters.

The Amazon rainforest released about 20 per cent more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere over the last decade than it absorbed, according to new research.

The concerning report suggests humanity can no longer depend on the Amazon to help absorb man-made carbon pollution, due in part to deforestation and degradation of world's largest tropical forest.

From 2010 through 2019, Brazil's Amazon basin gave off 16.6 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide, while drawing down only 13.9 billion tonnes, researchers reported Thursday in the journal Nature Climate Change.

The study looked at the volume of carbon dioxide absorbed and stored as the forest grows versus the amount released back into the atmosphere as it has been burnt down or destroyed.

"We half-expected it, but it is the first time that we have figures showing that the Brazilian Amazon has flipped and is now a net emitter," said co-author Jean-Pierre Wigneron, a scientist at France's National Institute for Agronomic Research (INRA).

"We don't know at what point the changeover could become irreversible," he said.

The study also showed that deforestation – through fires and clear-cutting – increased nearly four-fold in 2019 compared to either of the two previous years, from about one million hectares (2.5 million acres) to 3.9 million hectares (9.6 million acres), an area the size of the Netherlands.

"Brazil saw a sharp decline in the application of environmental protection policies after the change of government in 2019," the INRA said in a statement.

Terrestrial ecosystems worldwide have been a crucial ally as the world struggles to curb carbon dioxide emissions, which topped 40 billion tonnes in 2019.

Over the last half century, plants and soil have consistently absorbed about 30 per cent of those emissions, even as they increased by 50 per cent over than period.

Oceans have also helped, soaking up more than 20 per cent.

The Amazon basin contains about half of the world's tropical rainforests, which are more effective at soaking up and storing carbon that other types of forests.

If the region were to be come a net source rather than a "sink" of carbon dioxide, tackling the climate crisis would be that much harder.

Using new methods of analysing satellite data developed at the University of Oklahoma, the international team of researchers also showed for the first time that degraded forests were a more significant source of planet-warming carbon dioxide emissions than outright deforestation.

Over the same 10-year period, degradation – caused by fragmentation, selective cutting, or fires that damage but do not destroy trees – caused three times more emissions than the destruction of forests.

More on the Amazon

• Brazil's best-kept secret: a night in the Amazon rainforest
• Watch: forest fires surge in Brazil's Amazon rainforest
• Brazil Amazon deforestation soars to 11-year high under Bolsonaro