Forty years since the spark that began Iran's last revolution

Newspaper article critical of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini triggered protests that escalated after protesters were shot

Women carrying posters of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini gather at 24 Esfand square, now known as Revolution Square, on December 11, 1978 in one of the almost daily demonstrations in Tehran at the heightShow more

As a child 40 years ago, Mohammad Hassan Sharifzadeh saw the opening salvos of the Islamic revolution in Iran, starting with a particularly strange scene in a mosque in the holy city of Qom.

Mohammad was eight years old. His father had taken him to visit the mosque in front of the Fatima Masumeh shrine, one of the holiest sites in Iran, on January 8, 1978.

Then something shocking happened: a senior cleric took off his turban and threw it on the ground in disgust.

The reason behind this symbolic gesture — one reserved for only the most grievous offences — was the publication of an article the day before against Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who would soon lead the country into an Islamic revolution.

"He was angry that they had insulted our source of emulation," says Mohammad, now a sweet seller.

Each Shiite Muslim must choose an ayatollah as his "source of emulation" — and many in Iran had chosen the politically radical Khomeini, who by then had spent 13 years in exile for his scathing attacks on Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the United States.

The article in the government newspaper Ettelaat that had so offended the cleric in Qom accused Khomeini of being a British agent, in league with communists, and insinuated that he was not really Iranian and that his religious credentials were questionable.

It is often seen as the moment that sparked the revolution 40 years ago.

Iran's Islamic rulers have many commemorations planned for the anniversary as they flaunt the unlikely survival of a regime that has often been written off by analysts and opponents, but which once again appears to have seen off a major bout of unrest in recent days.

Ayatollah Seyyed Hossein Mousavi Tabrizi, a former chief prosecutor and two-term parliamentarian, was a teacher in one of Qom's many seminaries, or hawzats, when he first heard about the article.

"It was around 7pm when two or three of my students came to me, very angry, with a copy of Ettelaat and told me to read the article," he said. "It was the last straw. Insulting Khomeini like that, saying he was a pawn of the British and other offences - it was an insult to the whole clergy. It was a provocation."

Although Iran's Islamic rulers focus most of their ire on the United States these days, many Iranians remain particularly suspicious of the British, remembering their colonial machinations in the early 20th century.

Qom's clerics quickly organised a response. That same night, a dozen senior clerics gathered at the home of Mr Tabrizi's father-in-law, Grand Ayatollah Hossein Nouri Hamedani.

"It was decided to stop classes the next day as a sign of protest," he said, a rare move in a place that prized education so highly.

The strike by students on January 8 saw minor clashes with police. It grew the following day and gathered support from merchants in the bazaar who joined the shutdown. Soon the protests were widespread, with people chanting slogans against the monarchy and the government.

The spark had been thrown into the tinder box of grievances that had been building for years over growing social inequality, hatred of the brutish security services and an increasing westernisation that scandalised the country's religious conservatives.

Abolfazl Soleimani, a white-turbaned cleric in Qom, was 24 at the time and remembers the scene at Eram Square, now called Shohada (Martyrs') Square.

"The police opened fire, first in the air I think, and then into the crowd, at the religious, the non-religious, the bazaaris [merchants]. There were several dead and injured," he said.

Historians have since questioned the original death toll of 20 to 30. In his book Revolutionary Iran, the British historian Michael Axworthy writes, "There were no more than five". Either way, news of the shootings in Qom swept across the country and set off a cycle of unrest that would ultimately lead to the downfall of the shah little more than a year later.

In keeping with Shiite tradition, mourning ceremonies were held for the dead 40 days later, on February 18, providing a pretext for fresh protests against the shah in several cities. In Tabriz in north-western Iran, some 30 people were killed when police fired at a crowd of protesters. And so 40 days later there were further ceremonies that turned violent, in turn sparking more protests 40 days after that.

The authorities managed to calm things down by June, but the ball was already rolling, and the second half of 1978 saw escalating unrest.

"All repressive regimes dig their own graves," said Mr Tabrizi. On January 16, 1979, the shah left Iran, never to return.

Khomeini made a triumphant return to Iran on February 1, and the last government of imperial Iran soon came to an end.

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