Europe marked the 90th anniversary of the end of First World War, with the handful of surviving veterans at the vanguard of commemorations for the fallen of "The War to End All Wars." Leaders from the powers that fought the war, now allies, gathered at the site of the 1916 Battle of Verdun, where 300,000 men were slaughtered over 11 months of bloody trench warfare. The French president, Nicolas Sarkozy, paid homage to the sacrifice and suffering of the war's "eight and a half million dead, 21 million wounded, four million widows and eight million orphans." Speaking at the ossuary in the village of Douaumont which overlooks the battlefield and contains the remains of 130,000 soldiers killed at Verdun, Mr Sarkozy spoke of the need to "honour all the dead, without exception." He also said that many of the hundreds of French soldiers executed for desertion or mutiny during the war "had not dishonoured themselves, were not cowards, but had simply been pushed to the extreme limit." Britain's Prince Charles, the speaker of the German parliament Peter Muller, and Australia's Governor-general Quentin Bryce also attended the ceremony at Fort Douaumont, the epicentre of the Battle of Verdun. Far from being "The War to End All Wars", the Great War merely set the tone for the 20th century's litany of brutality, although in terms of sheer mass killing on the battlefield it has rarely been equalled since. Many conflicts followed but the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month, when the First World War armistice was signed, has become the moment when the world remembers the dead from all of them. Smaller memorials were held in towns and villages across Britain, France and the other countries that took part in the disaster. This was the first time France had marked the anniversary without a living French veteran. The last one, Italian-born legionnaire Lazare Ponticelli, died on March 12 aged 110. Erich Kästner, the last of the German troops, died on Jan 1 this year, aged 107. But Britain still has four living veterans, and three of them led acts of remembrance in London that were also attended by prime minister Gordon Brown and other ministers. At exactly 11am, Henry Allingham, 112, Harry Patch, 110, and Bill Stone, 108, led a two-minute silence at The Cenotaph national war memorial, where Queen Elizabeth II had led national tributes on Sunday. The medal-bedecked veterans, among the five million men and women who served in British forces during the war, were pushed in their wheelchairs to lay wreaths at the memorial in central London. They represented the armed service they belonged to ? the Royal Air Force, the Army and the Royal Navy respectively. Mr Patch, a machine-gunner who fought during the Battle of Passchendaele in Ypres, said before the ceremony that he was "very happy" to be here. "It is not just an honour for me but for an entire generation. It is important to remember the dead from both sides of the conflict. Irrespective of the uniforms we wore, we were all victims," he said. Tuesday's ceremonies placed a firm emphasis on reconciliation with France, Britain and Germany now firm allies within the European Union. In 1917, after three years of bloody conflict in Flanders and on the Somme, the United States intervened on behalf of Britain and France, and brought with them ambulance driver Frank Buckles, now 107 and living in West Virginia. Between 1914 and 1918, among the major belligerents, Germany lost 1.9 million troops, Russia 1.7 million, France 1.4 million, the Austro-Hungarian empire a million and Britain 760,000. *AFP
