Shortly after midnight on November 8, 2007, four armed men broke into the Pelindaba nuclear facility just west of Pretoria, South Africa, with its contents of hundreds of kilograms of highly enriched uranium, the critical ingredient for a nuclear bomb.
Two of the gang managed to get through a 10,000-volt security fence, disable the alarms and shoot an employee in the emergency control centre.
Closed circuit television cameras caught their images, but no one was monitoring them.
By the time the wounded man raised the alarm, the gang had spent about 45 minutes inside the facility, which holds enough nuclear material for 25 bombs, without attracting a shade of suspicion.
Finally, with police sirens wailing in the distance, they escaped empty-handed the same way they entered.
Although three men were later arrested in connection with the incident, no one was ever convicted.
It was one of the worst known security breaches at a nuclear site. If the gang had stolen a fraction of the enriched uranium for themselves or to sell on the black market to a terrorist group such as al Qa'eda, which has been seeking a nuclear weapon for 15 years, the consequences would have been devastating.
Just 60 kilograms of enriched uranium, enough to fit into two 2-litre bottles, is enough to create a crude nuclear bomb that, if set off in the centre of a major city such as New York, Paris or Cairo, could kill hundreds of thousands of people and cause hundreds of billions of dollars' worth of damage.
There are 1.6 million kilograms of weapons-grade uranium stored in hundreds of buildings all over the world, a deadly and forgotten hangover of the Cold War. In some places in Russia they are protected behind little more than a chain-link fence.
It was the prospect of this material falling into the hands of terrorists that sufficiently alarmed the US president Barack Obama to last week host the largest gathering of world leaders on US soil in 65 years in order to get them to promise they would protect their nuclear chemicals and sites.
After the two-day summit in Washington, 47 countries, including the UAE, pledged to lock up or destroy by 2013 any highly enriched uranium and plutonium they may have.
"It is a race between catastrophe and co-operation," said Matthew Bunn, a leading expert on nuclear terrorism and associate professor at Harvard University's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs.
Security on the stocks needs to be urgently improved to prevent them being stolen, he warned.
But critics pointed out that the joint action plan was not legally binding and there had been no agreement to stop producing enriched uranium or plutonium.
Many developing countries do not see pouring money into protecting nuclear sites as a national priority because they think only America and Europe are targets for nuclear terrorism, according to Ian Kearns, a senior analyst at the British American Security Information Council, a research and advocacy organisation.
"One has to be very clear about what is at stake with the nuclear agenda," he said, in an interview from London.
"If there was an incident of nuclear terrorism, what happens thereafter? You can imagine if al Qa'eda attacked. You can see them saying, 'Actually we've got more. We will blast more at a time that we choose.' Even if it was not true there would be panicked emptying of cities globally. If an incident happened in an American city, the US would be under enormous pressure to use enormous military force to target whoever is connected in any way. You'd have widespread instability and conflict."
Chile, whose nuclear research programme produces enriched uranium, recently sent its entire stock of highly enriched uranium to America, as a security measure. The difficulty of keeping such material safe was highlighted by the fact that some of the evacuation took place during the devastating earthquake on February 27 in which hundreds of people died.
Nuclear weapons are heavily guarded all over the world and many now have hi-tech security features, so that if the wrong code is inserted too many times the weapon is permanently disabled.
As a result al Qa'eda, which has called obtaining a nuclear bomb a "religious duty", appears to have shifted its focus from stealing a ready-made weapon to building a crude version with materials bought on the black market.
There are 18 known cases of weapons-grade material being stolen over the past two decades.
In cases where materials was seized by authorities, no one knew they were missing in the first place, calling into question how much is floating around on the international black market.
Plutonium is hard to detect by airport X-ray machines.
There is also uncertainty over whether weapons and materials left behind when the Soviet Union collapsed have been fully accounted for.
In Georgia, authorities have foiled eight attempts at trafficking enriched uranium during the past 10 years, most recently last month. "Criminals associated with these attempts have been detained," the Georgian president told the Washington summit.
A relatively simple bomb involves slamming two pieces of highly enriched uranium together at a high speed and can be assembled with the right expertise and smuggled in the back of a van.
Al Qa'eda, whose fighters include many from the scientific and technical professions, appears to be trying to build a bomb.
In 2003, US intelligence agents were alerted to an al Qa'eda cell in Saudi Arabia that was negotiating to buy three nuclear devices from a Pakistani expert, said Mr Bunn.
"Probably they weren't real nuclear weapons but that's what they thought they were and they got a message from al Qa'eda central saying 'go ahead and make the purchase if the Pakistani expert confirms they are real'. We've never managed to identify who that Pakistani expert was."
The biggest cause for worry apparently is Pakistan, which has between 60 and 90 nuclear weapons stored at several sites, plus several plutonium and highly enriched uranium reactors under construction.
"The risk of a WMD attack being planned and executed from Pakistan's North West Frontier area is growing, as that area continues to function as a safe haven for al Qa'eda," stated a 2008 report by a US congressional commission.
The US has given Pakistan US$100 million (Dh367m) in technical assistance to secure its nuclear facilities, but the Americans have never been given access to any of them, partly because of high anti-American sentiment.
An elite military unit of several thousand soldiers protects the sites, but there are fears that the upper echelons of the military and political establishment have been penetrated with radical sympathisers. "The problem is not that Pakistan doesn't have good security for its nuclear stocks. It does. The problem is the huge scale of both insider and outside threats," said Mr Bunn, pointing out that the former president Pervez Musharraf has had two close calls with assassinations.
"If the military personnel guarding the president cannot be trusted, how much confidence can the world have in the military personnel guarding the nuclear weapons?"
That is where America did not get it right at the Washington summit, said Mr Kearns.
"They need to universalise the effort and have a UN framework or convention. There is a conversation among diplomats about having a UN convention which would allow countries such as Pakistan to ask for assistance in a global framework and not just look like they are asking the US for assistance. That would be politically much easier for the regime."
Mr Bunn said that preventing insiders from selling or stealing nuclear materials was the first line of defence. "Once it has left the door of the facility where it is supposed to be, all of the later lines of defence are later variations of looking for needles in haystacks. The place where you really know you can do something is at the site where you know the nuclear material is supposed to be, locking it down there and making sure it doesn't walk out the door in the first place."
hghafour@thenational.ae
Dunki
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The specs
Engine: 2.5-litre, turbocharged 5-cylinder
Transmission: seven-speed auto
Power: 400hp
Torque: 500Nm
Price: Dh300,000 (estimate)
On sale: 2022
Company%20profile
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COMPANY PROFILE
Name: HyperSpace
Started: 2020
Founders: Alexander Heller, Rama Allen and Desi Gonzalez
Based: Dubai, UAE
Sector: Entertainment
Number of staff: 210
Investment raised: $75 million from investors including Galaxy Interactive, Riyadh Season, Sega Ventures and Apis Venture Partners
Lowest Test scores
26 - New Zealand v England at Auckland, March 1955
30 - South Africa v England at Port Elizabeth, Feb 1896
30 - South Africa v England at Birmingham, June 1924
35 - South Africa v England at Cape Town, April 1899
36 - South Africa v Australia at Melbourne, Feb. 1932
36 - Australia v England at Birmingham, May 1902
36 - India v Australia at Adelaide, Dec. 2020
38 - Ireland v England at Lord's, July 2019
42 - New Zealand v Australia in Wellington, March 1946
42 - Australia v England in Sydney, Feb. 1888
COMPANY%20PROFILE%20
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Moon Music
Artist: Coldplay
Label: Parlophone/Atlantic
Number of tracks: 10
Rating: 3/5
Representing%20UAE%20overseas
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Du Football Champions
The fourth season of du Football Champions was launched at Gitex on Wednesday alongside the Middle East’s first sports-tech scouting platform.“du Talents”, which enables aspiring footballers to upload their profiles and highlights reels and communicate directly with coaches, is designed to extend the reach of the programme, which has already attracted more than 21,500 players in its first three years.
Brahmastra%3A%20Part%20One%20-%20Shiva
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COMPANY%20PROFILE
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Specs
%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EEngine%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%201.5-litre%20turbo%204-cylinder%20%2F%202.0%20turbo%204-cylinder%20(S3)%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EPower%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20148bhp%20%2F%20328bhp%20(S3)%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ETorque%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20250Nm%20%2F%20420Nm%20(S3)%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EOn%20sale%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20December%0D%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EPrice%3A%3C%2Fstrong%3E%20TBA%0D%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
APPLE IPAD MINI (A17 PRO)
Display: 21cm Liquid Retina Display, 2266 x 1488, 326ppi, 500 nits
Chip: Apple A17 Pro, 6-core CPU, 5-core GPU, 16-core Neural Engine
Storage: 128/256/512GB
Main camera: 12MP wide, f/1.8, digital zoom up to 5x, Smart HDR 4
Front camera: 12MP ultra-wide, f/2.4, Smart HDR 4, full-HD @ 25/30/60fps
Biometrics: Touch ID, Face ID
Colours: Blue, purple, space grey, starlight
In the box: iPad mini, USB-C cable, 20W USB-C power adapter
Price: From Dh2,099
The%20specs
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Company%20Profile
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Pakistanis%20at%20the%20ILT20%20
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COMPANY PROFILE
Name: Almnssa
Started: August 2020
Founder: Areej Selmi
Based: Gaza
Sectors: Internet, e-commerce
Investments: Grants/private funding
Killing of Qassem Suleimani
The Melbourne Mercer Global Pension Index
The Melbourne Mercer Global Pension Index
Mazen Abukhater, principal and actuary at global consultancy Mercer, Middle East, says the company’s Melbourne Mercer Global Pension Index - which benchmarks 34 pension schemes across the globe to assess their adequacy, sustainability and integrity - included Saudi Arabia for the first time this year to offer a glimpse into the region.
The index highlighted fundamental issues for all 34 countries, such as a rapid ageing population and a low growth / low interest environment putting pressure on expected returns. It also highlighted the increasing popularity around the world of defined contribution schemes.
“Average life expectancy has been increasing by about three years every 10 years. Someone born in 1947 is expected to live until 85 whereas someone born in 2007 is expected to live to 103,” Mr Abukhater told the Mena Pensions Conference.
“Are our systems equipped to handle these kind of life expectancies in the future? If so many people retire at 60, they are going to be in retirement for 43 years – so we need to adapt our retirement age to our changing life expectancy.”
Saudi Arabia came in the middle of Mercer’s ranking with a score of 58.9. The report said the country's index could be raised by improving the minimum level of support for the poorest aged individuals and increasing the labour force participation rate at older ages as life expectancies rise.
Mr Abukhater said the challenges of an ageing population, increased life expectancy and some individuals relying solely on their government for financial support in their retirement years will put the system under strain.
“To relieve that pressure, governments need to consider whether it is time to switch to a defined contribution scheme so that individuals can supplement their own future with the help of government support,” he said.
COMPANY%20PROFILE
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The%20specs
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How to protect yourself when air quality drops
Install an air filter in your home.
Close your windows and turn on the AC.
Shower or bath after being outside.
Wear a face mask.
Stay indoors when conditions are particularly poor.
If driving, turn your engine off when stationary.
Syria squad
Goalkeepers: Ibrahim Alma, Mahmoud Al Youssef, Ahmad Madania.
Defenders: Ahmad Al Salih, Moayad Ajan, Jehad Al Baour, Omar Midani, Amro Jenyat, Hussein Jwayed, Nadim Sabagh, Abdul Malek Anezan.
Midfielders: Mahmoud Al Mawas, Mohammed Osman, Osama Omari, Tamer Haj Mohamad, Ahmad Ashkar, Youssef Kalfa, Zaher Midani, Khaled Al Mobayed, Fahd Youssef.
Forwards: Omar Khribin, Omar Al Somah, Mardik Mardikian.
The biog
First Job: Abu Dhabi Department of Petroleum in 1974
Current role: Chairperson of Al Maskari Holding since 2008
Career high: Regularly cited on Forbes list of 100 most powerful Arab Businesswomen
Achievement: Helped establish Al Maskari Medical Centre in 1969 in Abu Dhabi’s Western Region
Future plan: Will now concentrate on her charitable work
The specs
Engine: 2-litre or 3-litre 4Motion all-wheel-drive Power: 250Nm (2-litre); 340 (3-litre) Torque: 450Nm Transmission: 8-speed automatic Starting price: From Dh212,000 On sale: Now
ICC Intercontinental Cup
UAE squad Rohan Mustafa (captain), Chirag Suri, Shaiman Anwar, Rameez Shahzad, Mohammed Usman, Adnan Mufti, Saqlain Haider, Ahmed Raza, Mohammed Naveed, Imran Haider, Qadeer Ahmed, Mohammed Boota, Amir Hayat, Ashfaq Ahmed
Fixtures Nov 29-Dec 2
UAE v Afghanistan, Zayed Cricket Stadium, Abu Dhabi
Hong Kong v Papua New Guinea, Sharjah Cricket Stadium
Ireland v Scotland, Dubai International Stadium
Namibia v Netherlands, ICC Academy, Dubai
DSC Eagles 23 Dubai Hurricanes 36
Eagles
Tries: Bright, O’Driscoll
Cons: Carey 2
Pens: Carey 3
Hurricanes
Tries: Knight 2, Lewis, Finck, Powell, Perry
Cons: Powell 3
Company%C2%A0profile
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MATCH INFO
Uefa Champions League final:
Who: Real Madrid v Liverpool
Where: NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium, Kiev, Ukraine
When: Saturday, May 26, 10.45pm (UAE)
TV: Match on BeIN Sports
Difference between fractional ownership and timeshare
Although similar in its appearance, the concept of a fractional title deed is unlike that of a timeshare, which usually involves multiple investors buying “time” in a property whereby the owner has the right to occupation for a specified period of time in any year, as opposed to the actual real estate, said John Peacock, Head of Indirect Tax and Conveyancing, BSA Ahmad Bin Hezeem & Associates, a law firm.
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Director: Laila Abbas
Starring: Yasmine Al Massri, Clara Khoury, Kamel El Basha, Ashraf Barhoum
Rating: 4/5