What is epilepsy?
A disorder that makes a person suffer repeated seizures over time, caused by abnormal electrical disturbances in the brain.
Seizures are episodes of disturbed brain activity that cause changes in attention or behaviour.
Categories of epilepsy
Primary or idiopathic epilepsy occurs spontaneously without a clear cause and can be inherited. Brain scans are usually clear but an electroencephalogram (EEG) will usually identify irregular electric activity in the brain. More than two thirds of epilepsy cases worldwide fall under primary epilepsy.
Secondary, or symptomatic epilepsy, occurs when there is a medical condition or injury affecting the brain, such as a stroke or tumour. A brain scan, typically magnetic resonance imaging, will usually identify where the lesion is and treatment will be prescribed accordingly.
Types of seizures
Petit mal seizures is the term commonly given to a staring spell, most commonly called an absence seizure. It is a brief – usually about 15 seconds – disturbance of brain function due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
Generalised tonic-clonic seizure is a seizure that involves the entire body. It is also called a grand mal seizure. The terms “seizure”, “convulsion” or “epilepsy” are most often associated with generalised tonic-clonic seizures. Many patients experience vision, taste, smell, or sensory changes, hallucinations, or dizziness before the seizure. This is called an aura.
Partial (focal) seizures occur when the electrical activity remains in a limited area of the brain. The seizures may sometimes turn into generalised seizures, which affect the whole brain. This is called secondary generalisation.
Triggers
These vary between patients depending on the type of epilepsy they have, but common triggers can include lack of sleep, excessive alcohol intake, stress and long exposure to video games.
What to do if someone has a seizure
Once a seizure starts, nothing can be done to stop it. But a few precautions can be taken to protect patients from harm:
• Try to put the patient's head to the side so that the tongue is not retracted and does not obstruct breathing. Do not place anything in the patient's mouth.
• Remove any solid objects
surrounding the patient. If possible, smoothly place the patient on the ground.
• Immediately seek medical help.
Sources: MedlinePlus; International League Against Epilepsy; Dr Iyad Khoudeir, consultant neurologist, Al Noor Hospital
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The National selections
6.30pm: Shahm, 7.05pm: Well Of Wisdom, 7.40pm: Lucius Tiberius, 8.15pm: Captain Von Trapp, 8.50pm: Secret Advisor, 9.25pm: George Villiers, 10pm: American Graffiti, 10.35pm: On The Warpath
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Living in...
This article is part of a guide on where to live in the UAE. Our reporters will profile some of the country’s most desirable districts, provide an estimate of rental prices and introduce you to some of the residents who call each area home.
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Engine: Long-range single or dual motor with 200kW or 400kW battery
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The specs
The specs: 2019 Audi Q8
Price, base: Dh315,000
Engine: 3.0-litre turbocharged V6
Gearbox: Eight-speed automatic
Power: 340hp @ 3,500rpm
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SPECS
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UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
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How to protect yourself when air quality drops
Install an air filter in your home.
Close your windows and turn on the AC.
Shower or bath after being outside.
Wear a face mask.
Stay indoors when conditions are particularly poor.
If driving, turn your engine off when stationary.
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Directed by: Pete Doctor
Rating: 4 stars