Bellingham or Mbappe? The world's 50 most valuable footballers in 2023 - in pictures

Foden, Vinicius, Haaland all near the top - but who takes the crown?

50. Bayern Munich's Serge Gnabry has the 50th highest transfer value in football, according to CIES Football Observatory, and is worth €70.8 million. EPA

49. Real Madrid defender Antonio Rudiger, €70.8m. EPA

48. Paris Saint-Germain's Achraf Hakimi, €71m. AP

47. Mohamed Salah of Liverpool, €71.3m. Getty

46. Tottenham's Cristian Romero, €73.1m. AP

45. West Ham United's Declan Rice, €73.4m. Action Images

44. Manchester City's John Stones, €75.3m. Action Images

43. PSG's Italian goalkeeper Gianluigi Donnarumma, €75.7m. AFP

42. Eduardo Camavinga of Real Madrid, €78m. Getty

41. Chelsea's Mason Mount, €78.3m. PA

40. Jadon Sancho of Manchester United, €78.8m. Getty

39. Trent Alexander-Arnold of Liverpool, €79.6m. Getty

38. Alisson Becker of Liverpool, €79.8m. EPA

37. Martin Odegaard of Arsenal, €79.8m. EPA

36. Inter Milan midfielder Nicolo Barella, €80.1m. EPA

35. Benfica's Enzo Fernandez, €80.3m. EPA

34. William Saliba of Arsenal, €80.3m. EPA

33. Darwin Nunez of Liverpool, €81.8m. EPA

32. Juventus' Dusan Vlahovic, €82.4m. EPA

31. Chelsea's German midfielder Kai Havertz, €84.6m. AFP

30. Manchester City's Argentinian striker Julian Alvarez, €87.3m. AFP

29. Lautaro Martinez of Inter Milan, €87.5m. Getty

28. Manchester City's Bernardo Silva, €90.7m. EPA

27. Arsenal's Gabriel Martinelli, €91.6m. Action Images

26. Raheem Sterling of Chelsea, €93m. Getty

25. Bruno Fernandes of Manchester United, €93.6m. PA

24. Arsenal's Gabriel Jesus, €97.4m. PA

23. Christopher Nkunku of RB Leipzig, €98.6m. PA

22. Barcelona's French defender Jules Kounde, €98.7m. AFP

21. Chelsea's Reece James, €99.3m. PA

20. Eder Militao of Real Madrid, €102m. Getty

19. Joao Cancelo of Manchester City, €103.6m. Getty

18. Manchester City's Portuguese defender Ruben Dias, €105m. AFP

17. Barcelona's Spanish forward Ferran Torres, €106.8m. AFP

16. Aurelien Tchouameni of Real Madrid, €107.2m. Getty

15. Real Madrid's Rodrygo, €107.4m. AP

14. Bukayo Saka of Arsenal, €108.7m. EPA

13. Barcelona's Frankie De Jong, €109.3m. AP

12. Liverpool's Luis Diaz, €109.7m. PA

11. Rodri of Manchester City, €117m. EPA

10. Real Madrid's Uruguayan midfielder Federico Valverde, €123.5m. AFP

9. Leipzig's Josko Gvardiol. €125.8m. AP

8. Jamal Musiala of Bayern Munich, €145.1m. Getty

7. Barcelona's Spanish midfielder Gavi, €147.6m. AFP

6. Barcelona's Pedri, €170.2m. Reuters

5. Erling Haaland of Manchester City, €174.9m. Getty

4. Real Madrid's Vinicius Junior, €190.5m. AP

3. Paris Saint-Germain's French forward Kylian Mbappe, €190.7m. AFP

2. Manchester City midfielder Phil Foden, €200.5m. AFP

1. Borussia Dortmund's Jude Bellingham, €208.2m. EPA

Europe's biggest clubs are planning to flex their muscles in the January transfer window after a thrilling World Cup put some new names in the shop window.

Transfer fees continue to defy economic sense, but which player is actually worth the most?

The CIES Football Observatory, based in Switzerland, has worked it out, and has released their bi-annual list of the top 100 most valuable players – including familiar names such as Vinicius Junior of Real Madrid, Erling Haaland and Phil Foden of Manchester City, and Paris Saint-Germain's French forward Kylian Mbappe.

CIES calculate the values using an algorithm developed by their own research team, and factors in players' ages, length of contract, salaries and other measures to determine a figure for the transfer market from clubs in the five major European leagues. Because of his age, it means there is no place in the top 100 for Argentina superstar Lionel Messi.

The full list is in the gallery above, in reverse order.

Who are the top 10 most valuable players?

All figures according to CIES

1. Jude Bellingham, Borussia Dortmund - €208.2m ($222m).

2. Phil Foden, Manchester City - €200.5m.

3. Kylian Mbappe, PSG - €190.7m.

4. Vinicius Junior, Real Madrid - €190.5m.

5. Erling Haaland, Manchester City - €174.9m.

6. Pedri, Barcelona - €170.2m.

7. Gavi, Barcelona - €147.6m.

8. Jamal Musiala, Bayern Munich - €145.1m.

9. Josko Gvardiol, RB Leipzig - €125.8m.

10. Federico Valverde, Real Madrid - €123.5m.