Germany plans to renew four military missions in the Middle East, Africa and the Mediterranean before parliament is dissolved for a February general election.
Votes will take place in late January on extending operations involving 1,600 German troops in the Red Sea, in waters off Libya and Tunisia, in the wider Mediterranean and in South Sudan. Their deployment in UN, EU and Nato-led missions is set to expire between February and April – when Germany may be in political limbo during post-election coalition talks.
Chancellor Olaf Scholz's government says the missions should continue at a cost of €30.6 million ($31.5 million) to secure key sea routes against smuggling, Houthi attacks and the “spillover” of violence from the Middle East. It also hopes to show Donald Trump's coming US administration that Europe is willing to do its fair share for security.
Although the missions have broad support among Germany's traditional parties, they are viewed more sceptically by left and right-wing forces tipped to gain in the election. The Alliance Sahra Wagenknecht, a left-populist party that could be involved in coalition talks, opposed the Red Sea mission, saying the government was “blindly following” the US.
Mr Scholz's government said in papers handed to parliament that US-UK air strikes in Yemen had only a “short-term” impact on Houthi militants' ability to attack Red Sea shipping. It quoted an EU situation report as saying shipping had declined by 73 per cent in the Bab Al Mandeb strait as mariners take the longer route around Africa's southern tip.
The German frigate Hessen fired shots at two drones, from a 76-millimetre gun and missile launcher, in one security scare last February. In addition “the danger is rising of deliberate or collateral damage to critical infrastructure in the area of operations”, such as undersea data cables connecting Europe and Asia, the German government said.
The European mission known as Operation Aspides “shows that the EU is willing and able to take responsibility in the region”, it said. “This also sends a positive signal to our transatlantic allies regarding the sharing of duties in securing freedom of navigation in the area of operations”.
The German parliament's authorisation for up to 700 troops to deploy to the Red Sea runs out on February 25, two days after the general election. Ministers are seeking an extension until October. They want to keep up to 300 troops available for a second EU mission known as Operation Irini which monitors Libya's coast for weapons smugglers.
Mediterranean tasks
The Mediterranean mission is intended to help stabilise Libya but Germany said an arms embargo continues to be breached, despite more than 600 ships being boarded under Operation Irini. Nonetheless it said the naval presence was the “only instrument with which the UN weapons embargo against Libya is enforced on the high seas”.
Ministers say German sailors are also providing intelligence to the EU on people smuggling networks in the Mediterranean. Although Operation Irini is not primarily a search and rescue mission, Germany says it is obliged to provide assistance to people in distress at sea.
The far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD) has called for Operation Irini to be stopped, saying it had brought “no successes” in the fight against illegal migration. Concerns it was having a “pull effect” on migrants led to an emergency brake being introduced at EU level but Germany sees “no indications” that it should be triggered.
A further Mediterranean mission, a Nato operation known as Sea Guardian, has a broader goal of counter-terrorism and surveillance in Europe's southern waters. Germany says its participation with 550 troops should continue although no ships were inspected against their will during 2024.
“International terrorism has emerged as an increased threat in the maritime domain, including in the context of the escalation in the Middle East”, the government said. “This especially means international arms smuggling. It remains necessary to prevent a spillover effect into Europe and Nato territory from the activities of terrorist groups”.
The fourth German mission is a 50-troop presence in South Sudan as part of a UN peacekeeping operation, which Mr Scholz's government called the “most important anchor of stability” in the fragile country. Elections due to take place last month were postponed as a transitional period was extended until 2027.
Germany's election was brought forward from September to February after Mr Scholz's three-party coalition collapsed, leaving him without a majority in parliament. Support from centre-right parties should mean the military operations are extended but the election is expected to shake up the party landscape.
