Bosphorus fish stocks crash as huge trawlers snatch the catch

Anglers call for sustainable practices to protect future fish stocks

A fishing boat casts its net in the Sea of Marmara, sea off the coast of Istanbul, Turkey. All photos: AFP

November is high season for tuna shoals heading through the Bosphorus Strait and passing through the Sea of Marmara on their migration from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean.

A fishing boat lays its nets in the Marmara sea off the cost of Istanbul, on November 6, 2022. - It is high season for the popular variety of tuna, with shoals teeming through the Bosphorus on their way from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. But pulled taut across the strait are fishing nets more than a kilometre (3,280 feet) long. Anglers who cram shoulder to shoulder along the banks say the nets leave them with little chance, and the fish with even less. (Photo by Yasin AKGUL / AFP)

A fishing boat crew member carries out maintenance on the Sea of Marmara. In a few years, hauls have plummeted from 600,000 tonness a year to 328,000 tonnes, say researchers.

A fishing boat on the Sea of Marmara. Crews report falling catches of horse mackerel, anchovy, picarel and bluefish.

Anglers say they — and the fish — cannot compete with the large boats.

Mehmet Dogan, an amateur fisherman, poses for a photograph on the bank of the Bosphorus, in Istanbul, on 6 November 2022. - It is high season for the popular variety of tuna, with shoals teeming through the Bosphorus on their way from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. But pulled taut across the strait are fishing nets more than a kilometre (3,280 feet) long. Anglers who cram shoulder to shoulder along the banks say the nets leave them with little chance, and the fish with even less. (Photo by Yasin AKGUL / AFP)

Despondent Sunday anglers watch crestfallen as a trawler winches an enormous net out of the waters of the Bosphorus.

"Clear off!" they shout from the shore, impatient to get their hooks back into the depths of the strait that runs through Istanbul.

"I have been here since 6am but a trawler came and dropped its nets. That blocked us completely," said Mehmet Dogan, fed up at having caught only one fish all day, a 40cm bonito.

It is high season for the popular variety of tuna, with shoals teeming through the Bosphorus on their way from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean.

But pulled taut across the strait are fishing nets more than a kilometre long.

Anglers such as Mr Dogan, crammed shoulder to shoulder along the banks, say the nets leave them with little chance ― and the fish with even less.

Fish stocks in the Bosphorus have plummeted, according to Saadet Karakulak of Istanbul University. In the space of a few years, hauls have fallen from 500,000 to 600,000 tonnes a year to 328,000 tonnes, she said, saying it is "proof that stocks are diminishing".

"Because of these boats, the fish can't enter the Bosphorus," said angler Murat Ayhanoglu, standing at Kirecburnu cove on the European side. "They can't leave their eggs here."

Nearby on the Gorenler II, a 35m trawler, the crew heaved in a net weighed down with fish.

"There's no chance of catching anything when boats like that are here," Mr Ayhanoglu said as he reeled off a list of fish getting ever rarer in the Bosphorus ― horse mackerel, anchovy, picarel and bluefish.

But the dramatic fall in stocks did not stop the government trying to close the strait to traffic for half a day this month to give free rein to commercial fishing boats.

The transport ministry later backed down after protests from scientists and campaigners about the "race to overfish" what they term is a biologically important corridor.

"You can't do that. Stocks are in danger ... we need sustainability," said Bayram Ozturk, head of the marine biology department at Istanbul University.

He said it was high time there were quotas on some species, with the anchovy currently threatened.

Plastic waste, pollution and heavy maritime traffic are also blighting fish stocks in one of the world's business shipping lanes, said Mr Ozturk, who is also director of the Turkish Marine Research Foundation.

From container ships and tankers to bulk carriers transporting badly needed Ukrainian cereals to world markets, more than 200 ships a day pass through the Bosphorus.

With the strait only 760m wide at its narrowest point, Mr Ozturk said fish stocks need to be managed by the region's nations.

"Fish don't have a passport. They spawn on the Ukrainian side [of the Black Sea], travel to the Turkish side," he said, and might end up being eaten on a Greek island.

Competition between trawlers is ferocious, said Capt Serkan Karadeniz as his boat waited to leave the quay to fish for bonito, having chased them all the way from its home port of Samsun on Turkey's northern coast.

The Gorenler has come all the way from Canakkale on the Aegean Sea.

"October to November is when the fish migrate the most, to the Marmara and Aegean" seas, said Erdogan Kartal, head of Istanbul's fishery co-operative.

The 60-year-old, who has been fishing since he was a boy, said fish "are getting smaller and smaller.

"We have started to catch fish that have never had the chance to spawn, which is dangerous."

He no longer sees the mackerel that were once so abundant.

"Where are the beautiful mackerel that we used to eat every day?" Mr Kartal said. Qquota and size limits have to be set, he said.

"We have to make some sacrifices," he said. "If we let the fish pass, they will return."