What are the Saudi astronauts going to do on board International Space Station?

Rayyanah Barnawi and Ali Al Qarni have a busy schedule ahead of them

Saudi astronaut Rayyanah Barnawi floating inside the International Space Station after she and her colleague Ali Al Qarni's arrived on May 22. All photos: SpaceX

UAE's Sultan Al Neyadi offers dates and water to the two Saudi astronauts after their arrival

The Dragon capsule carrying the two Saudi astronauts approaches the ISS

The Dragon capsule docks at the ISS

All 11 astronauts aboard the space station attend a welcoming ceremony for the Ax-2 crew members

Saudi astronaut Mr Al Qarni floating upside down inside the ISS

Mr Al Neyadi offers water and dates to the two Saudi astronauts after their arrival

Ms Barnawi, centre, becomes emotional after delivering her speech at the welcoming ceremony

Mr Al Neyadi, centre, prepares to welcome the two Saudi astronauts aboard the ISS

Ms Barnawi and Mr Al Qarni will stay on the ISS for an eight-day trip

Saudi astronauts Rayyanah Barnawi and Ali Al Qarni have a jam-packed schedule during their eight-day stay on the International Space Station, including science experiments around cancer research.

They are the first Saudi citizens in space since 1985, with the kingdom hoping that their mission inspires young Arabs into science, tech, maths and engineering subjects.

Ms Barnawi, 33, a research scientist, and Mr Al Qarni, 31, a fighter pilot, arrived at the orbiting outpost on Monday.

Their trip also means that researchers across Saudi Arabia had the opportunity to send crucial experiments on health sciences and weather technology with the astronauts, so they could be tested in microgravity conditions.

Mishaal Ashemimry, special adviser to the chief executive of the Saudi Space Commission, spoke to The National on Monday about the astronauts' activities.

“We have 11 scientific experiments and three outreach experiments, so a total of 14,” she said.

“Six of those experiments are focused on human health, and trying to understand the effect of microgravity and a short stay mission on the nervous system on a cellular level, tissue level and on an organ.

“Four experiments are going to be focused on inflammatory responses, which has implications to cancer.

“And then one of the experiments is kind of unique in the fact that it is the first to look at artificial rain or cloud seeding in microgravity.”

Cancer research in space

Ms Barnawi has nearly a decade of experience in cancer stem-cell research and will be using her expertise on the station.

She will be taking part in a study called Modelling Tumour Organoids that could help develop stem cell models that help predict and prevent cancer.

The research involves monitoring breast cancer cells to study immune dysfunction and drug challenges.

It is hoped the experiment will help improve the detection of and therapies for pre-cancer, cancer and a variety of other diseases.

Researchers at the Space Stem Cell Orbital Research programme, in partnership with Sanford Stem Cell Institute, the JM Foundation and Axiom Space, have sent the experiment.

Studying human immune cells

Another life sciences experiment involves investigating the inflammatory response of human immune cells in microgravity.

Ms Barnawi will study the changes in mRNA decay, a process that regulates gene expression changes in cells and can influence the effects of inflammation.

Researchers from the Saudi Arabia's King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre have sent a type of white blood cells to the ISS that will be treated with a substance that stimulates an inflammatory response.

It will be carried out in parallel with experiments on the ground, to help scientists measure the difference in results.

Findings could help researchers better understand the immune system and develop potential therapies for inflammatory diseases in space and on Earth.

Cloud seeding experiments

Mr Al Qarni will be carrying out a physical science experiment that involves cloud seeding, or artificial rain.

This is the first time cloud seeding will be studied in microgravity conditions.

“The goal of this experiment is to essentially look at the potential to create water droplets by using the same methods for cloud seeding, which is introducing silver iodide into moisture, and to see if it can create nucleation and produce water droplets,” Ms Ashemimry said.

This could help create artificial rain in lower-gravity areas like the Moon and Mars, she said.

Mr Al Qarni will mix moist air and salt crystals in a reaction chamber to see if water droplets form.

The experiment has been sent by the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, the Saudi Space Commission and Nanoracks, a US company that helps its customers launch experiments and technology to space.