Brazil's Amazon 'emitting carbon' after worst wildfires in almost 20 years

Worse than usual annual fires are a red flag, says experts

Rainforest ablaze near the Trans-Amazonian Highway, in Labrea, Amazonas state, north-west Brazil. Reuters

Brazil’s Amazon and Pantanal wetland regions have experienced their worst wildfires in almost two decades, according to the EU’s climate change monitoring service.

Tens of thousands of fires rage around the country, around half of them in the Amazon rainforest, which is threatening the area’s vast stores of carbon and sending more of the damaging greenhouse gas into the atmosphere. About 2.4 million hectares of forests, fields and pastures in the Amazon burned between June and August.

In total, there were more than 95,000 hot spots in the Amazon biome this year to September 18, according to data from Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research (Inpe). Carbon emissions from the fires in the country’s rainforest and wetland areas have consistently been above average, breaking both national and regional records and impacting the air quality across much of South America.

The Amazon is one of the world’s most important carbon sinks, said Lucas Ferrante, a biologist and researcher at both Sao Paulo University and the Federal University of Amazonas. “Now, it is emitting carbon,” he said. “We are at a turning point.”

The phenomenon was first noted in 2021, with emissions amounting to a billion tonnes of carbon dioxide a year, making the forest a source of CO2, mainly due to fires.

Cumulative emissions so far this year reached around 183 megatonnes as of September 19, following a similar path as the previous record set in 2007. September has accounted for 65 megatonnes of the total alone, due to emissions from the Amazon region, notably the states of Amazonas and Mato Grosso do Sul, where most of the Pantanal wetlands are located and the annual cumulative total estimated carbon emissions are the highest in the 22 years.

Although fires are common during the country’s dry season, this year’s anomalies are a red flag for experts. “The timing of the fires and how long it is lasting is what is worrying us,” said Ritaumaria Pereira, executive director at Imazon, a nonprofit focused on research and projects in the Amazon region. “Things have gotten out of control, and the name for that is climate change.”

Bolivia has also been battling record wildfires, with carbon emissions there standing at 76 megatonnes, exceeding the previous annual high of 73 megatonnes of carbon set in 2010. September has accounted for 32 megatonnes alone. Experts say the fires have been fuelled by extremely high, long-term drought, and other climatological factors that have likely to have contributed to the greatly increased scale of the fire emissions, smoke, and air quality impacts.

“The smoke transport has had an impact far beyond the vicinity of where the fires have been burning, even reaching across the Atlantic,” said Mark Parrington, senior Scientist at the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service.

“The scale of the smoke transport and air quality impacts are an indicator of the scale and intensity of the fires. It is imperative to keep monitoring these wildfires and their emissions to track their impact on air quality and the atmosphere.”

Climatologists have warned for decades that events like this year’s would come to pass. Droughts in the last two decades have become much more severe and much more common. The last year – the hottest on record globally – brought Brazil’s extremes to a new level.

“This was always something that we know would happen,” said Michael Coe, senior scientist and tropics programme director at Massachusetts-based research organisation the Woodwell Climate Research Centre. “But there’s a huge difference between knowing that it will happen and seeing it happen.”

When rainforests burn, what replaces them can’t replace the carbon storage and evaporative cooling that benefits the global climate. The Amazon is a critical part of the global climate system. Without it, modelling suggests that the Earth could warm another degree Celsius on top of the already dangerous 2.7ºC or so that’s already in store. Fossil-fuel burning, deforestation and other causes have lifted the global average temperature by about 1.3C since before industrialization.

Around 40 per cent of the fire spots in Brazil are in areas of primary, or undisturbed, vegetation. The rest are mostly in deforested areas. Deforestation is lower than it has been in years past, an indication of how primed the land is to burn due to hot, dry conditions.

Ibama says almost all of the fires have been caused by humans, whether deliberately or accidentally. Burning is common in Brazilian agriculture. Historically, Brazil encouraged it as a fast, cheap way to clear land and prepare soil for new planting. The government has banned the practice, although many farmers do not obey the rule.

President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva this week announced 514 million reais ($95 million) to fund emergency measures, including more investigations and hiring specialized firefighters.

Last year, at the start of his third term in office, he returned to the international stage promising to bolster protections for the Amazon, shield tribal lands from resource extraction and spark a green transition of Brazil’s economy. Deforestation went down and a project establishing guidelines for developing sustainable fuels was approved, marking progress toward a cleaner-energy future.

However, the crisis in the Amazon may pose a challenge when he heads to the UN General Assembly in New York on Saturday. “Lula is trying to convince the world that Brazil is a climate leader. But there’s some disconnect there in the actual actions on the ground,” said Manoela Machado, a post-doctoral researcher at Woodwell Climate Research Centre, who studies drivers of fire risk in the Amazon.