The world's biggest oil companies should be sitting pretty right now. Oil prices doubled last year and are now at their highest level in years, aside from the unusual spike in 2008.
But profits are down at many of the world's biggest oil companies compared with the chaotic fourth quarter of 2008. Why?
The oil refining divisions have become their Achilles heels as the refining industry works through a massive supply-demand mismatch. The world's capacity to process crude oil into petrol, diesel and other fuels increased dramatically in the past two years, just as motorists and industry worldwide used less fuel as a result of the recession.
Refining executives have described it as the sector's worst downturn in decades. Refineries make money on the difference between the cost of crude oil and the price they charge for petrol and other products. For months at a time last year, the margin was negative at many refineries, leading to plant shutdowns and big operating losses.
And refiners are hardly out of the woods: on Monday Total, the French oil firm that is Europe's biggest refiner, announced it would permanently close a plant in Flanders that has been idled since the start of the economic downturn.
Total executives were quoted as saying they could find no market for the fuels at the plant, which processes 137,000 barrels per day (bpd) of oil and accounts for 7.2 per cent of French refining capacity.
North America and Europe shut 1.05 million bpd of processing capacity last year, and will probably close 1.32 million bpd more this year, Bank of America Merrill Lynch estimated last month.
Refining income is normally the boring side of an oil company's balance sheet, taking a back seat to exploration and production, where the money is made. But as international oil companies reported their quarterly profits this week, the losses in refining have featured prominently.
ExxonMobil, the world's largest oil company and biggest refiner, saw fourth-quarter profit drop 23 per cent compared with the same period in 2008, mainly because it registered a loss of US$287 million (Dh1.05 billion) in its US refining division. Chevron, the second-biggest oil company, lost $613m in its refining, transportation and marketing business, pushing profits down 37 per cent.
Both firms still registered healthy profits overall: Exxon made $6.05bn in the quarter, while Chevron took home $3.07bn.
BP yesterday reported net profits of $4.3bn compared with a loss of $3.34bn a year earlier, but warned that refining margins would "remain weak" this year.
The firm did not disclose revenues for its refining division, but noted that the margin on each barrel of oil shrunk to $1.49 last quarter compared with $5.20 the year before, and "BP's actual refining margin declined even more than the indicator margin".
In the medium to long-term, the outlook for the sector is little better.
A new generation of massive refineries in East Asia, India and the Middle East has already begun to flood the market with excess fuel production capacity at significantly lower cost than older facilities in North America, Europe and Japan.
In India, Reliance switched on an expansion to its refinery at Jamnagar last year that made the plant the largest in the world, with capacity of 1.2 million bpd. The plant uses its economies of scale and advanced technology to achieve significantly lower costs than western rivals.
China has started up a number of refineries that can process 800,000 bpd and have a secure market in the country's fast-rising fuel consumption.
The flood of new capacity will continue over the next 10 years, with China and India building additional plants and Gulf countries getting into the game with new refineries in the middle of the next decade. Abu Dhabi, for example, awarded contracts to double capacity to 817,000 bpd at its export-orientated refinery in Ruwais, while Saudi Arabia is building a number of similarly sized projects.
Operators of older plants would be advised to invest in their operations to keep up with the new refineries, says John Vautrain, a senior vice president at Purvin and Gertz, a refining consultancy.
"The global market is likely to see some realignment with closures in the US, Europe and Japan creating room for some of these new volumes," he says.
In the even longer term, refining is destined to remain a money-losing business in industrialised countries that become more serious about reducing carbon emissions to combat climate change.
Refineries use huge amounts of energy at nearly every step of the process and belch significant carbon emissions. Valero, the largest US refiner, has emerged as one of the biggest opponents to legislation that would cap carbon emissions and require industry to buy credits for each tonne of carbon they emit in the atmosphere. Bill Klesse, the company's chief executive, estimated the cost to US refiners of climate legislation at $67bn a year.
The International Energy Agency (IEA), a Paris-based group that represents the interests of energy-consuming nations, warned that new climate-change legislation could speed up the migration of the refining industry to developing countries. The refining industry, says David Martin, the IEA's lead downstream analyst, is "a brutally competitive, effectively global business".
The long odds against the sector's future have not been lost on Big Oil. Chevron last month announced a major restructuring that will lead to a reduction in its global refining workforce, which totals 19,000.
And Total's refining chief, Michel Benezit, told Dow Jones late on Monday that the company would probably close more refineries in addition to the Flanders plant.
"We can't do differently; we must keep adjusting to falling demand," he said. "There is no way to say when the refined products market will be balanced again.
@Email:cstanton@thenational.ae
Joker: Folie a Deux
Starring: Joaquin Phoenix, Lady Gaga, Brendan Gleeson
Director: Todd Phillips
Rating: 2/5
COMPANY%20PROFILE
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Russia's Muslim Heartlands
Dominic Rubin, Oxford
The specs: 2019 Audi A8
Price From Dh390,000
Engine 3.0L V6 turbo
Gearbox Eight-speed automatic
Power 345hp @ 5,000rpm
Torque 500Nm @ 1,370rpm
Fuel economy, combined 7.5L / 100km
Company%20profile
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Turning%20waste%20into%20fuel
%3Cp%3EAverage%20amount%20of%20biofuel%20produced%20at%20DIC%20factory%20every%20month%3A%20%3Cstrong%3EApproximately%20106%2C000%20litres%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3EAmount%20of%20biofuel%20produced%20from%201%20litre%20of%20used%20cooking%20oil%3A%20%3Cstrong%3E920ml%20(92%25)%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3ETime%20required%20for%20one%20full%20cycle%20of%20production%20from%20used%20cooking%20oil%20to%20biofuel%3A%20%3Cstrong%3EOne%20day%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A%3Cp%3EEnergy%20requirements%20for%20one%20cycle%20of%20production%20from%201%2C000%20litres%20of%20used%20cooking%20oil%3A%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3E%E2%96%AA%20Electricity%20-%201.1904%20units%3Cbr%3E%E2%96%AA%20Water-%2031%20litres%3Cbr%3E%E2%96%AA%20Diesel%20%E2%80%93%2026.275%20litres%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A
The specs
Engine: 3.0-litre six-cylinder turbo
Power: 398hp from 5,250rpm
Torque: 580Nm at 1,900-4,800rpm
Transmission: Eight-speed auto
Fuel economy, combined: 6.5L/100km
On sale: December
Price: From Dh330,000 (estimate)
COMPANY%20PROFILE%20
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Moon Music
Artist: Coldplay
Label: Parlophone/Atlantic
Number of tracks: 10
Rating: 3/5
Company%20Profile
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THE SPECS
Engine: 2.0-litre 4-cylinder turbo
Power: 275hp at 6,600rpm
Torque: 353Nm from 1,450-4,700rpm
Transmission: 8-speed dual-clutch auto
Top speed: 250kph
Fuel consumption: 6.8L/100km
On sale: Now
Price: Dh146,999
The%20specs
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COMPANY PROFILE
Name: HyperSpace
Started: 2020
Founders: Alexander Heller, Rama Allen and Desi Gonzalez
Based: Dubai, UAE
Sector: Entertainment
Number of staff: 210
Investment raised: $75 million from investors including Galaxy Interactive, Riyadh Season, Sega Ventures and Apis Venture Partners
COMPANY%20PROFILE
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if you go
The flights
Etihad and Emirates fly direct to Kolkata from Dh1,504 and Dh1,450 return including taxes, respectively. The flight takes four hours 30 minutes outbound and 5 hours 30 minute returning.
The trains
Numerous trains link Kolkata and Murshidabad but the daily early morning Hazarduari Express (3’ 52”) is the fastest and most convenient; this service also stops in Plassey. The return train departs Murshidabad late afternoon. Though just about feasible as a day trip, staying overnight is recommended.
The hotels
Mursidabad’s hotels are less than modest but Berhampore, 11km south, offers more accommodation and facilities (and the Hazarduari Express also pauses here). Try Hotel The Fame, with an array of rooms from doubles at Rs1,596/Dh90 to a ‘grand presidential suite’ at Rs7,854/Dh443.
The specs
Engine: Direct injection 4-cylinder 1.4-litre
Power: 150hp
Torque: 250Nm
Price: From Dh139,000
On sale: Now
COMPANY PROFILE
Founders: Alhaan Ahmed, Alyina Ahmed and Maximo Tettamanzi
Total funding: Self funded
The specs: 2018 Jaguar F-Type Convertible
Price, base / as tested: Dh283,080 / Dh318,465
Engine: 2.0-litre inline four-cylinder
Transmission: Eight-speed automatic
Power: 295hp @ 5,500rpm
Torque: 400Nm @ 1,500rpm
Fuel economy, combined: 7.2L / 100km
COMPANY PROFILE
Initial investment: Undisclosed
Investment stage: Series A
Investors: Core42
Current number of staff: 47
Jigra
Starring: Alia Bhatt, Vedang Raina, Manoj Pahwa, Harsh Singh
Company Profile
Name: JustClean
Based: Kuwait with offices in other GCC countries
Launch year: 2016
Number of employees: 130
Sector: online laundry service
Funding: $12.9m from Kuwait-based Faith Capital Holding
RESULT
Deportivo La Coruna 2 Barcelona 4
Deportivo: Perez (39'), Colak (63')
Barcelona: Coutinho (6'), Messi (37', 81', 84')
EA Sports FC 25
Developer: EA Vancouver, EA Romania
Publisher: EA Sports
Consoles: Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4&5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S
Rating: 3.5/5
The specs
Engine: 1.5-litre turbo
Power: 181hp
Torque: 230Nm
Transmission: 6-speed automatic
Starting price: Dh79,000
On sale: Now
The%20specs
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Company profile
Name: Dukkantek
Started: January 2021
Founders: Sanad Yaghi, Ali Al Sayegh and Shadi Joulani
Based: UAE
Number of employees: 140
Sector: B2B Vertical SaaS(software as a service)
Investment: $5.2 million
Funding stage: Seed round
Investors: Global Founders Capital, Colle Capital Partners, Wamda Capital, Plug and Play, Comma Capital, Nowais Capital, Annex Investments and AMK Investment Office
Founder: Ayman Badawi
Date started: Test product September 2016, paid launch January 2017
Based: Dubai, UAE
Sector: Software
Size: Seven employees
Funding: $170,000 in angel investment
Funders: friends
SCORES IN BRIEF
Lahore Qalandars 186 for 4 in 19.4 overs
(Sohail 100,Phil Salt 37 not out, Bilal Irshad 30, Josh Poysden 2-26)
bt Yorkshire Vikings 184 for 5 in 20 overs
(Jonathan Tattersall 36, Harry Brook 37, Gary Ballance 33, Adam Lyth 32, Shaheen Afridi 2-36).
The specs
Engine: Long-range single or dual motor with 200kW or 400kW battery
Transmission: Single-speed automatic
Max touring range: 620km / 590km
Price: From Dh250,000 (estimated)
MATCH INFO
What: 2006 World Cup quarter-final
When: July 1
Where: Gelsenkirchen Stadium, Gelsenkirchen, Germany
Result:
England 0 Portugal 0
(Portugal win 3-1 on penalties)
Napoleon
%3Cp%3E%3Cstrong%3EDirector%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3A%20Ridley%20Scott%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3EStars%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3A%20Joaquin%20Phoenix%2C%20Vanessa%20Kirby%2C%20Tahar%20Rahim%3Cbr%3E%3Cstrong%3ERating%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3A%202%2F5%3Cbr%3E%3Cbr%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%0A