In the nearly 40 years she has spent in trade, Amy Magnus has never seen retailers hoarding so much inventory.
Warehouses throughout the United States are at record capacity with Chinese imports of all kinds - microwaves, vacuum cleaner filters, swimwear, furniture - stacked to the ceiling, according to Ms Magnus, who heads the National Customs Brokers & Forwarders Association of America, whose members work with over 250,000 importers and exporters.
"My office is right on a land border and I can see the trucks just coming across non-stop from my window," Ms Magnus said, referring to her birds-eye view from Champlain, New York, on the border between Canada and the United States. "Even with Christmas, it's been notably busier this week and last week than it's ever been before."
She is one of over a dozen customs brokers, retailers, vendors, analysts and supply chain experts who told Reuters that retailers have been stockpiling inventory from China to avoid higher tariffs that may kick in next year.
The buying binge is also evident in recent data from the National Retail Federation and Hackett Associates, which show imports at major US retail container ports surged 13.6 per cent to a record 2.04 million containers in October. This helped push the US trade deficit with China to a record high.
Stores including Walmart, Target, TJX Companies and Macy's raced to buy Chinese products in September, the sources said, the same month the Trump Administration announced 25 per cent tariffs would go into effect on January 1 on $200 billion of Chinese imports.
The US and China have since agreed to a 90-day trade war truce until March 2, but supply chain firms and vendors said this has not slowed buying or forward orders because the tariffs could still be hiked.
"We have been tactical and pulled some orders forward," Walmart spokeswoman Marilee McInnis told Reuters in an emailed statement. The other major retailers, including Target, TJX and Macy's would not comment for this story on the part tariffs played in their approach to buying inventory this year.
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The strategy could mean heavy discounts for shoppers next year if retailers are stuck with an overhang of unsold merchandise. Already, it has driven up transportation and warehousing costs, which is adding pressure to quarterly results for retailers, according to the sources.
The question is whether stores absorb the added costs or pass them on to customers.
"More likely than not, the retailer will take them so the consumer doesn't have to," Jonathan Gold, the NRF's head of Supply Chain and Customs Policy. Mr Gold said he "definitely" expected higher inventory and logistics costs to continue into the first quarter as retailers rush to meet the March 2 deadline. The NRF works with about 18,000 member retailers.
"A lot of people are competing for space right now so you're going to have some retailers hurt as a result."
The surplus signals a stark change from last year, when retailers and department stores were ordering less products and in smaller batches to keep inventory costs down. Retailers have for years been struggling with declining holiday foot traffic, and larger inventories weigh on balance sheets.
"It's very rare that retailers would commit to more inventory in advance," said Neil Saunders, managing director of consultancy GlobalData Retail. "If they don't manage to sell their holiday inventory, we'll see a real glut of it, and some discounting, in the new year."
Storage is "full to bursting" as a result of retailers’ holiday inventory, plus the additional stocks retailers have been buying for 2019, Mr Saunders said, and retailers are paying more for storage due to a shortage of warehousing across the country.
"Our warehouse is packed with stuff," said Mike Abt, co-president of Chicago-based appliance and furniture store Abt Electronics. "Air-conditioners are just piled up in random places where they shouldn't be because we're running out of room. And we did that in anticipation of 15 per cent more price increases."
Mr Abt said its 450,000-square-foot warehouse in Glenview, Illinois had about 10-12 per cent more inventory – mainly microwaves and air-conditioners - than it usually has during the holiday season.
Joe Shamie, CEO of furniture vendor Delta Children, is having the same problem. He has had to rent out two extra warehouses and pay "much higher" costs to ship cribs, kids beds, and tables from China. His customers include Walmart, Kohls, Wayfair and Pottery Barn.
Mr Shamie said the extra 150,000 square feet has been necessary because Delta has had to order about 20 to 25 per cent more inventory from China since September to meet orders.
"The big problem is that there's no clarity from the government. So we don't know if we're wasting money buying more and spending on warehousing and transport."
The strategy mirrors that of several companies in Britain - from Rolls Royce and Airbus to retailers - that are hoarding inventory ahead of Brexit on March 29. Reuters reported this month that warehouses have been struggling to cram in goods amid the stockpiling.
To be sure, US vendors and retailers are also boosting inventories to keep up with the strengthening economy, a booming e-commerce market and to get goods in before Chinese New Year. Toy inventories have also been on the rise because Walmart, Target, Amazon.com and others are aggressively trying to fill the gap left by Toys-R-Us when it filed for bankruptcy late last year.
Ryan Fry, who has brokered deals between Walmart and domestic and international toy vendors for over six years for Diverse Marketing, said Walmart has bought about 15-20 per cent more toys through him since September, compared with last year. Mr Fry said the vendors he works with have all been stockpiling toys from China to get ahead of the tariffs.
"Our merchant teams are working on any kind of eventuality we might face and, as we always do, working with suppliers and how they think about costs," Walmart's Mr McInnis said. "But it can take time to shift production to other regions."
"Retailers are trying to mitigate the tariffs," said Brett Rose, CEO of United National Consumer Suppliers (UNCS), a wholesale distributor of overstocked goods such as garden tools, beauty products and toys. "Everybody's stocking up," he added.
Mr Rose named Macy's, TJX, Ross Stores and Bed Bath & Beyond among those he had sold significantly more Chinese products to in recent months. Those companies declined to comment.
"Customers are buying about 20-25 per cent more products than last year," Mr Rose said.
The surge in imports is boosting revenues for US ports and logistics companies, but may mean less business in the second half of next year, some customs brokers said. The Port of Oakland said November imports were up 15 per cent from last year and said importers had been rushing in cargo from China ahead of tariffs. Maritime revenue was up 10 per cent in the quarter ended September, Port of Oakland spokesman Mike Zampa said.
"If we stay anywhere near this pace, we'll set a volume record for 2018," Mr Zampa said. "Will it last? I haven't heard anyone say definitely that they know what's going to happen next year."
In Los Angeles County, home to the sprawling US seaport complex that handles roughly half of the container shipments from China, CBRE said the vacancy rate had dropped to 1.2 per cent – the second-lowest rate in the country and significantly below the national average of 4.5 per cent.
"I've been here 30 years, it's the lowest I've seen," said Kurt Strasmann, the executive managing director overseeing the sought-after Southern California region for CBRE. "There's been some stress on short-term needs."
Supply chain companies told Reuters that many stores and vendors have had to pay more to rent external storage, and that some have been turned away.
Port Logistics Group operates 6.5 million square-feet of space at 14 distribution centers, and counts major brick-and-mortar retailers as customers. But it recently had to turn away a Walmart toy vendor who needed about 80,000 square-feet to store 100 containers of products, according to the firm's vice president of business development, Scott Weiss.
"I'm sure there are hundreds of others like that," Mr Weiss said.