Do not confuse Dutch disease with Dutch elm disease. The first is a malady that can affect national economies over-reliant on one export; the latter, of course, is a malignant fungal infestation that kills elm trees.
But they are similar in two respects: both can crop up anywhere in the world, not just in Holland. And they can devastate the entity – tree or economy – in which they occur.
In the wake of falling oil prices, policymakers are waking up to the effects of over-reliance on energy exports in their national economies. From Azerbaijan to Venezuela, and many of the places in between, the economic strategists are wondering how to live in the new era of cheap oil.
The UAE has been on this path for some time. For at least the past 10 years, the need to diversify away from an oil-dependent economy has been a constant theme of government strategy. It was reinforced at the recent two-day retreat of UAE leaders in Dubai to consider the era of cheap oil, from which specific policy recommendations are imminently expected.
The country has already made big advances. In 1980, energy-related industry accounted for 80 per cent of GDP; now it is around 30 per cent. The progress has been especially fast in Dubai, where oil revenue now accounts for less than 5 per cent of economic activity, and where trade, transport, tourism and finance are now the main earners for the emirate.
But governments are still highly reliant on oil revenues to fill the public purse; about 80 per cent of the fiscal budget comes from oil earnings. How to bridge this gap when oil prices are 70 per cent lower than 18 months ago is the strategic challenge UAE leaders are facing.
It seems like homespun common sense that you should never put all your eggs in the same basket, and the concept of Dutch disease has sometimes been rendered as the “curse of oil”, but this would be to oversimplify the economic theory.
Dutch disease is actually a quite sophisticated line of argument that looks at the effect of reliance on one commodity for the foreign exchange dealings of a country.
It was first identified in Holland – hence the nickname – in the 1950s, when the country discovered significant reserves of natural gas and became an energy exporter. Economists noticed that as energy exports soared, the currency rapidly appreciated, making other exportable Dutch products too expensive.
Non-energy exports suffered and other industries weakened, exacerbating the power of the gas industry. There are other effects too: the cost of non-exportable goods and services rises, leading to inflationary pressures; capital investment dwindles outside the energy sectors.
Holland eventually got out of its Dutch disease rut with the advent of the European Common Market, and eventually the euro. The currency effect of Dutch disease was simply abolished overnight with the disappearance of its national currency, the guilder.
This foreign exchange effect should not be underestimated. The first signs of impending trouble – the first symptoms of Dutch disease, if you like – come when a currency appears too strong in the international markets.
The Russian rouble, the Kazakh tenge, and the Azerbaijan manat all enjoyed long periods of strength on international markets in the first decade or so of this century. The rouble – which was not pegged to the dollar or any other currencies – crashed as the oil price decline began in 2014, and still has to find a natural floor.
Both the tenge and the manat were dollar-pegged to some degree, and when this prop was removed it led to a rapid devaluation of the currency in both cases, making management of the economy much harder to handle. Venezuela, too, faces extreme foreign exchange pressures.
The lesson seems to be that minimisation of the effects of oil dependency – eradication of the Dutch disease – must go hand-in-hand with careful management of the national currency.
Leaders of the UAE, who have so far resisted the temptation to disconnect the dirham from the dollar, have to bear that in mind as they contemplate the next steps. Further economic diversification may only be possible at the cost of the dollar peg.
fkane@thenational.ae
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UAE currency: the story behind the money in your pockets
Paatal Lok season two
Directors: Avinash Arun, Prosit Roy
Stars: Jaideep Ahlawat, Ishwak Singh, Lc Sekhose, Merenla Imsong
Rating: 4.5/5
Key fixtures from January 5-7
Watford v Bristol City
Liverpool v Everton
Brighton v Crystal Palace
Bournemouth v AFC Fylde or Wigan
Coventry v Stoke City
Nottingham Forest v Arsenal
Manchester United v Derby
Forest Green or Exeter v West Brom
Tottenham v AFC Wimbledon
Fleetwood or Hereford v Leicester City
Manchester City v Burnley
Shrewsbury v West Ham United
Wolves v Swansea City
Newcastle United v Luton Town
Fulham v Southampton
Norwich City v Chelsea
The biog
Title: General Practitioner with a speciality in cardiology
Previous jobs: Worked in well-known hospitals Jaslok and Breach Candy in Mumbai, India
Education: Medical degree from the Government Medical College in Nagpur
How it all began: opened his first clinic in Ajman in 1993
Family: a 90-year-old mother, wife and two daughters
Remembers a time when medicines from India were purchased per kilo
Director: Laxman Utekar
Cast: Vicky Kaushal, Akshaye Khanna, Diana Penty, Vineet Kumar Singh, Rashmika Mandanna
Rating: 1/5
Mercer, the investment consulting arm of US services company Marsh & McLennan, expects its wealth division to at least double its assets under management (AUM) in the Middle East as wealth in the region continues to grow despite economic headwinds, a company official said.
Mercer Wealth, which globally has $160 billion in AUM, plans to boost its AUM in the region to $2-$3bn in the next 2-3 years from the present $1bn, said Yasir AbuShaban, a Dubai-based principal with Mercer Wealth.
“Within the next two to three years, we are looking at reaching $2 to $3 billion as a conservative estimate and we do see an opportunity to do so,” said Mr AbuShaban.
Mercer does not directly make investments, but allocates clients’ money they have discretion to, to professional asset managers. They also provide advice to clients.
“We have buying power. We can negotiate on their (client’s) behalf with asset managers to provide them lower fees than they otherwise would have to get on their own,” he added.
Mercer Wealth’s clients include sovereign wealth funds, family offices, and insurance companies among others.
From its office in Dubai, Mercer also looks after Africa, India and Turkey, where they also see opportunity for growth.
Wealth creation in Middle East and Africa (MEA) grew 8.5 per cent to $8.1 trillion last year from $7.5tn in 2015, higher than last year’s global average of 6 per cent and the second-highest growth in a region after Asia-Pacific which grew 9.9 per cent, according to consultancy Boston Consulting Group (BCG). In the region, where wealth grew just 1.9 per cent in 2015 compared with 2014, a pickup in oil prices has helped in wealth generation.
BCG is forecasting MEA wealth will rise to $12tn by 2021, growing at an annual average of 8 per cent.
Drivers of wealth generation in the region will be split evenly between new wealth creation and growth of performance of existing assets, according to BCG.
Another general trend in the region is clients’ looking for a comprehensive approach to investing, according to Mr AbuShaban.
“Institutional investors or some of the families are seeing a slowdown in the available capital they have to invest and in that sense they are looking at optimizing the way they manage their portfolios and making sure they are not investing haphazardly and different parts of their investment are working together,” said Mr AbuShaban.
Some clients also have a higher appetite for risk, given the low interest-rate environment that does not provide enough yield for some institutional investors. These clients are keen to invest in illiquid assets, such as private equity and infrastructure.
“What we have seen is a desire for higher returns in what has been a low-return environment specifically in various fixed income or bonds,” he said.
“In this environment, we have seen a de facto increase in the risk that clients are taking in things like illiquid investments, private equity investments, infrastructure and private debt, those kind of investments were higher illiquidity results in incrementally higher returns.”
The Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, one of the largest sovereign wealth funds, said in its 2016 report that has gradually increased its exposure in direct private equity and private credit transactions, mainly in Asian markets and especially in China and India. The authority’s private equity department focused on structured equities owing to “their defensive characteristics.”
COMPANY PROFILE
Founders: Alhaan Ahmed, Alyina Ahmed and Maximo Tettamanzi
Total funding: Self funded
The Sand Castle
Director: Matty Brown
Stars: Nadine Labaki, Ziad Bakri, Zain Al Rafeea, Riman Al Rafeea
Rating: 2.5/5
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Where to stay: Courtyard by Marriott Titusville Kennedy Space Centre has unparalleled views of the Indian River. Alligators can be spotted from hotel room balconies, as can several rocket launch sites. The hotel also boasts cool space-themed decor.
When to go: Florida is best experienced during the winter months, from November to May, before the humidity kicks in.
How to get there: Emirates currently flies from Dubai to Orlando five times a week.
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Killing of Qassem Suleimani
The specs: 2018 Nissan 370Z Nismo
The specs: 2018 Nissan 370Z Nismo
Price, base / as tested: Dh182,178
Engine: 3.7-litre V6
Power: 350hp @ 7,400rpm
Torque: 374Nm @ 5,200rpm
Transmission: Seven-speed automatic
Fuel consumption, combined: 10.5L / 100km
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The specs
Engine: Dual 180kW and 300kW front and rear motors
Power: 480kW
Torque: 850Nm
Transmission: Single-speed automatic
Price: From Dh359,900 ($98,000)
On sale: Now
MATCH INFO
Chelsea 3 (Abraham 11', 17', 74')
Luton Town 1 (Clark 30')
Man of the match Abraham (Chelsea)
The biog
Age: 59
From: Giza Governorate, Egypt
Family: A daughter, two sons and wife
Favourite tree: Ghaf
Runner up favourite tree: Frankincense
Favourite place on Sir Bani Yas Island: “I love all of Sir Bani Yas. Every spot of Sir Bani Yas, I love it.”